1. Wavelength
Two bands carry almost all the clinical evidence: red at roughly 630–660 nm, and near-infrared at roughly 810–850 nm. They do different jobs. Red is absorbed superficially and is the band behind most skin and collagen work; near-infrared penetrates further and is the band used for joints, muscle and deeper tissue. A 2025 review in the Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences covering violet through near-infrared makes the same point — different wavelengths produce genuinely distinct biological effects on skin, not a single generic “light is good” response.
A clinic that cannot tell you which bands its device emits, and in what ratio, is selling you a warm glow.
2. Irradiance
Irradiance is power per unit area at the surface being treated, measured in mW/cm². Clinical devices typically land somewhere between 20 and 100 mW/cm² at the intended treatment distance. The phrase “at the intended treatment distance” is doing heavy lifting: irradiance falls off sharply as you move away from the panel, so a number quoted at 5 cm is close to meaningless if clients are treated at 45 cm.
3. Dose
Dose is irradiance multiplied by time, expressed in J/cm². The arithmetic is simple and worth doing out loud, because it is the number a serious operator can produce on demand:
40 mW/cm² is 0.04 W/cm². A 10 J/cm² dose therefore takes 10 ÷ 0.04 = 250 seconds — a little over four minutes.
Superficial skin protocols tend to sit at the low end, a few J/cm². Deeper musculoskeletal targets run higher. The point is not the specific figure but that the figure exists and is being tracked.
4. The biphasic curve
This is the one that catches people out, and it is the strongest argument for treating a light room as a clinical space rather than a lounge. Photobiomodulation follows a biphasic dose response: below a threshold nothing happens, in a window you get the effect, and above that window the benefit falls away again. The landmark paper on this — Huang and colleagues, published in Dose-Response in 2009 — remains the standard reference, and it is why “just leave the panel on longer” is a genuine mistake rather than an inefficiency.
A clinic that offers “unlimited” sessions is either using a device weak enough that overdosing is impossible, or is not thinking about dose at all.